PNNL scientists also have collaborated on research with Google DeepMind in London, which employs the other two Nobel Prize winners this year for chemistry, Demis Hassabis, the chief executive, and John Jumper, the director.

John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton have been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for discoveries and inventions that formed the building blocks of machine learning.

David Baker, as well as Demis Hassabis and John Jumper, share the prize for their work on understanding the structure of proteins.